Agriculture formed the basis of Sri Lankan civilization over many centuries. It was not just an occupation, but an entire culture which sustained the Sri Lankan public in harmony with the natural environment and resources. Ancient Sri Lankan agriculture system fulfils all the criteria of modern concepts of sustainability, conservation and agroecology making it a model example for the world. Furthermore, analysis of sophisticated kingdoms such as Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa and Ruhuna lead us to believe that the agriculture systems of the time could sustain large and rapidly growing populations and economies. After independence, successive governments embarked on agriculture reforms aimed at promoting agrochemical-based agriculture practices aimed at achieving food security rapidly. This misadventure has led to many harmful consequences.
Sri Lanka has seen a rapid rise in the incidence of chronic kidney disease among agricultural communities over the past three decades. It kills more than 5000 annually, mainly among rural low-income farming communities. The death toll of CKD and long-term morbidity will soon surpass casualties due to the war, tsunami and all other manmade and natural disasters the country has seen in its history. Concurrently, the public has seen an exponential rise in non-communicable diseases including diabetes, cancers and cardiovascular diseases during the same period. There is evidence to suggest that even infants and children have already been affected by these diseases which have direct associations with agrochemical use.
In addition to this health crisis of genocidal proportions, the natural resources of the country have been severely degraded due to agrochemical use and harmful agriculture practices. Surface water of many agriculture-based areas are contaminated with agrochemicals and related heavy metals, directly leading to CKD. For the first time in two and half millennia of civilization, many areas of North Central province are dependent upon external drinking water supply. Similarly, soil of both dry and wet zones have been severely degraded, acidified and natural microbiome eliminated due to agrochemical use.
Unfortunately, despite this massive human and environmental disaster, expected economic benefits to the country and agrarian communities have failed to materialize. Most among nearly 3 million agriculture-based families remain poor, dependent and in debt. Fruits of gradual economic development and expansion of the middle class have not reached farming communities with equity. Similarly, contribution of agriculture as a proportion of Sri Lankan economy has declined despite a large portion of public being dependent upon it.
Therefore, we are in urgent need of redirecting our agriculture in to a healthy, sustainable, and economically viable pathway which combines our traditional values and knowledge with advances of modern science.
Organic agriculture is a holistic production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity. It emphasises the use of management practices in preference to the use of off-farm inputs, taking into account that regional conditions require locally adapted systems. This is accomplished by using, where possible, agronomic, biological, and mechanical methods, as opposed to using synthetic materials, to fulfil any specific function within the system.
1. Organic farming in principle discourages the use of harsh chemicals and therefore, contributes towards the preservation of the natural environment. In fact, research studies have revealed that organic farming can eliminate about 500 million pounds of pesticides and chemicals from entering into the environment annually. 2. Organic farming does not rely on the use of synthetic fertilizers as opposed to conventional techniques that are generous with these external chemicals. Avoiding fertilizers contributes to a greater cause of energy conservation. 3. Organic farming is all about natural cultivation practices, which are fairly superior to chemical soil management in terms of the ultimate impact on soil. With its practices closely mimicking nature, organic farming ensures that the earth remains unaffected due to the externally exposed chemicals. This retains the soil’s natural ability to thrive sustainably. 4. Organic farming as a sustainable practice also contributes towards curtailing the phenomenon of global warming.
Organic farming, in general, is more profitable than conventional farming. Organic farms have lower yields than conventional but this is compensated for by lower costs of production and higher prices for organic products.
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